The Buddha Mystery

The greatest confusion that I came across is that Buddha mentioned in the Dasha Avatars of Vishnu is mixed or referred to be Gautama Buddha or Sakhayamuni Buddha and the Buddhist deny of it. If Gautama Buddha is different from the Vishnu Avatar Buddha then were there Two different identities that got mixed up and people denoted to be the same. ? To answer this confusion I thought of writing this article.

Who  is a 'Buddha' ?

'Buddha' is a title and this given to anyone who has achieved Buddhahood or enlightenment. The word Buddha means "awakened one" or "the enlightened one". "Buddha" is also used as a title for the first awakened being in a Yuga era.

Were there more Buddhas before Gautama Buddha ?

In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha of the present age. Also he was the last one to achieve Buddhahood but the Theravada Buddhism shows that there were 27 Buddhas that preceded Gautama Buddha and Maitreya will be the Buddha of future. Also According to Mahayana tradition, each kalpa has 1,000 Buddhas. The previous Kalpa was the Vyuhakalpa , and the present kalpa is called the Bhadrakalpa. the buddha of present kalpa is Gautama Buddha. So now we come to a conclusion that Gautama Buddha was not the only Buddha, he was but the last one till now as we are awaiting Maitreya Buddha of future. Some famous Buddhist texts like Prajna-Paramita Sutra, Astasahastrika Prajna-Paramita Sutra, Sata-shastrika Prajna-Paramita Sutra, Lalita Vistara, reveals the three categories of Buddha, namely:

Human Buddhas: Personalities who became Buddha after enlightenment.

Bodhisattva Buddhas: Personalities who were born enlightened.

Adi Buddha: the Primordial Buddha.

Who is Vishnu Avatar Buddha ?

Avatar Buddha is the first Buddha who is also known as Adi Buddha or Primordial Buddha, Mahayana and Vajrayana sects of Buddhism believes Vairochana or Mahavairochana to be the Primordial Buddha and Sakhayamuni Buddha to be the Incarnation of Vairochana Buddha. we find the reference of this in  "Brahmajāla Sūtra":

                       "Now, I, Vairocana Buddha am sitting atop a lotus pedestal; On a thousand flowers surrounding me are a thousand Sakyamuni Buddhas. Each flower supports a hundred million worlds; in each world a Sakyamuni Buddha appears. All are seated beneath a Bodhi-tree, all simultaneously attain Buddhahood. All these innumerable Buddhas have Vairocana as their original body."

This verse clearly say that there is one eternal Buddha and there are infinite Sakhyamuni Buddhas all sitting beneath Bodhi tree.

Also there are some schools of Vajrayana Buddhism and Tantric Buddhism that refer to Vajradhara Buddha or some also say Samamtabhadra Buddha to be Adi Buddha or the Primordial Buddha. therefore the Concept of the First Buddha or Primordial Buddha is well established in Buddhist Literature.

Before looking deeply at the Vishnu Avatar Buddha Let us examine the Cause of Lord Vishnu incarnating as Buddha. In Jayadeva Goswami's Gita Govindam it is said that he came to stop slaughtering of animals in name of Vedic sacrifice.

nindasi yajna-vidher ahaha sruti-jatam

sadaya-hridaya-darshita-pashu-ghatam

keshava dhrita-buddha-sharira jaya jagadisha hari

           "O Keshava! O Lord of the universe! O Lord Hari, who have assumed the form of Buddha! All glories unto You! O Buddha of compassionate heart, You decry the slaughtering of poor animals performed according to the rules of Vedic sacrifice."

In the Srimad Bhagavatam 1.3.24, Lord Vishnu's Advent as Buddha is mentioned as :

tatah kalau sampravritte

sammohaya sura-dvisham

buddho namnanjana-sutaha

kikateshu bhavishyati

       "Then in the beginning of Kali-yuga, the Lord will appear as Buddha, son of Anjana, in the province of Kikata Pradesha (Gaya), just for the purpose of deluding those who are envious of the faithful theist."

Also in chapters 3.17-18 of Vishnu Puran and Srimad Bhagvatam's 10th Canto mentions a prayer by Akrura once when he saw Krishna in his four handed form, he prayed with the following verse mentioned in Srimad Bhagvatam (10.40.22)

namo buddhaya shuddhaya daitya-danava-mohine

mleccha-praya-kshatra-hantre namas te kalki-rupine

           "O Lord! I offer my obeisance unto Your form of Buddha, who, possessing a faultless nature, deluded the miscreants by composing anti-Vedic scriptures. I also offer obeisance unto Your Kalki form, the annihilator of the wicked kshatriyas who are no better than barbarians."

There is another prayer by Indra in Srimad Bhagvatam (6.8.19), buddhas tu pashanda-gana-pramadat. Indra prayed, "O Lord Buddha! Save me from the defect of indifference born out of atheistic hypocrisy."

Madhavacharaya Mentions a Story referring from Bhramanda Puran in His Treaities Bhāgavatatātparya.

mohanārthaṃ dānavānāṃ bālarūpī pathi-sthitaḥ

putraṃ taṃ kalpayām āsa mūḍha-buddhir jinaḥ svayam

tataḥ saṃmohayām āsa jinādyān asurāṃśakān

bhagavān vāgbhir ugrābhir ahiṃsā-vācibhir hariḥ

                                          — Brahmanda Purana, Bhāgavatatātparya by Madhvacharya

"To delude the demons, he stood on the path in the form of a child. The foolish Jina (a demon), imagined him to be his son. Thus the lord Sri Hari expertly deluded Jina and other demons by his strong words of non-violence."

There are many mentions in Scriptures about Vishnu incarnating as Buddha to delude demons and people from the path of Vedas, the mentions can be found in Harivamsa (1.41),Vishnu Purana (3.18), Garuda Purana (1.1, 2.30.37, 3.15.26),Agni Purana (16),Naradiya Purana (2.72) Linga Purana (2.71),Padma Purana (3.252). we can thus identify with the cause of advent of Lord Vishnu as Buddha. People of those times were not following the Vedas correctly, the religion was deteriorating so to establish the philosophy of non-violence and to convince followers of Vedic customs who were bent towards animal slaughter in name of sacrifice and rituals, to give up such violent acts and follow him on the path of Non-violence.

The Birth of Adi Buddha

Chinese Painting of Adi Buddha 

Adi Buddha was born in Kikata Pradesha which is now Bodh gaya to Mother Anjana and father Hemasadana. during the beginning of Kali yuga. the refrence for this we can find in Srimad Bhavatam's above verse (1.3.24) and also in 40 th chapter of Maheshvara section of Skanda Purana.

                "After the passing of 3600 years of Kali-yuga, Lord Buddha, the avatar of Vishnu, the savior of dharma, will appear in the Magadha territory from the womb of Anjani, fathered by Hemasadana. He will perform many glorious tasks and rule over the earth containing seven islands, for sixty-four years. Then, safeguarding His glories with His devotees, He will retreat to His abode."
                



The following verses from Nirnaya-sindhu show the time of birth of Adi Buddha:

jyaishtha shukladitiyayam buddhajanma bhavishyati

"Buddha will take birth on the 2nd day of the Shukla paksha of the month of Jyaishtha."

Birth of Shakyamuni Buddha or Gautama Buddha

Shakyamuni Buddha or Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha was born as Siddhārtha at Lumbini, which is in present day Nepal on full moon day of the month Vaisakha. His father was a king named Suddodana, and his mother was the Mayadevi. Siddhārtha lived in luxury with trouble and hard work kept far from him; A seer predicted that if Siddhārth stayed inside his palace his whole life, then he would become a great king. However, if he left the palace, then he would become a great ascetic. The king did not want his son to become
an ascetic so he kept his son in the palace.

When he was older, his father found a woman for Siddhārtha to marry at the age of 16. He married the woman named Yashodhara, and they had a son, Rahul. Although Siddhārtha had everything he could want, he still was not happy. He wanted to learn the meaning of his existence.

Once he got out of the castle against his father's orders. He saw the "Four Passing Sights": an old crippled man, a sick man, a dead man, and a holy man with no home. Right then, Siddhārtha knew that nothing can stop people from being born, becoming old, getting sick, and dying. He decided to give up his worldly life. He would look for the answer to the problem of birth, old age, sickness, and death. He left his home and decided to find answers. After a great search he reached Gaya and found a fig tree where he sat down in meditation for 49 days while he was meditating a demon by the name Mara attempted to distract Buddha with numerous attempts like hurling weapons, fire, taking form of beautiful women and so on but Siddhārtha was not affected and all attempts of demon failed and thus Siddhārtha conquered Mara and achieved enlightenment and found answers to all his questions and how could he end the suffering of material world.

Siddhārtha 's Guru was Gautama so he took his name and was called as Gautama Buddha, and since he was of Sakhya clan he got the Name Sakhyamuni.

Was Gautama  Buddha aware of this primordial Buddha?

The Buddhist Scriptures say that Gautama Buddha was very well aware of the primordial Buddha, as we saw earlier that Gautama Buddha was the Human form of the Eternal Buddha, and the Scriptures also suggest that Vairochana or Vajradhara, Samamtabhadra Buddha incarnated as Shakyamuni Buddha and will incarnate as Maitreya the Buddha of future.  there is the Buddhist text Lalita Vistara, Chapter 21, page 178, where it is described how Gautama Buddha meditated on the same spot as the primordial Buddha or Vishnu avatar Buddha:

cha dharanimunde purvabuddhasanasthaha

samartha dhanur grihitva shunya nairatmavanaiha

klesharipum nihatva drishtijalancha bhitva

shiva virajamashoham prapsyate bodhim agryam

       "The one seated on the hallowed earth of the previous Buddha’s birthplace is on the path of voidism and renunciation. With his weapon, the powerful bow, he vanquishes the enemies of distress and illusion. Thus with wisdom he will attain the auspicious state of grieflessness and worldly detachment."

This verse proves that Buddha meditated on the birthplace of the primordial Buddha (Purvabuddhasanasthaha), that very place where the primordial Buddha is said to be born is Kikata Pradesha, modern day Gaya and it is this place Gautama Buddha got Nirvana.

Thus concluding we can see that Gautama Buddha and Vishnu Avatar Buddha are two different Personalities not to be considered the same. the Principals of Buddhism was started by Adi Buddha which was carried by succeeding Buddha's and last Buddha being Gautama Buddha.

I am listing out the differences once again in the table below to identify the two personalities.

	Adi Buddha	Gautama Buddha
Birth Place	Kikata Pradesh (Present day Gaya)	Lumbini  (present day Nepal)
Parents	Father- Hemasadana Mother- Anjani	Father- Suddodana Mother- Mayadevi
Time of Birth	Shuklapaksa Purnima	Shuklapaksa Purnima
Month of Birth	Jyestha	Vaisakha
Position in Hierarchy	First Buddha	28 th Buddha
Enlightenment	Became enlightened after 49 days of meditation	Eternally enlightened
Demons fought	Jina	Mara
Seat	Lotus Pedestal	Bodhi tree